Purification of vonwillebrand factor by affinity chromatography

ABSTRACT

A method of improving the therapeutic activity of von Willebrand Factor obtained from materials comprising said Factor comprising incubating said Factor at a temperature of about 20° C. to about 55° C. for about 1 to about 30 hours.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.07/924,393, filed Aug. 3, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuationof U.S. application Ser. No. 07/652,702, filed Feb. 8, 1991, nowabandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.07/205,881, filed Jun. 13, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,642, which is adivisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/067,990, filedJun. 29, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,323.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a method of improving the therapeuticactivity of von Willebrand Factor obtained from a material comprisingsaid factor. More particularly, the present invention relates to amethod for increasing the therapeutic activity of von Willebrand Factorobtained from a material comprising said factor bound to a monoclonal orpolyclonal antibody specific thereto.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method ofseparating, purifying and increasing the therapeutic activity of vonWillebrand Factor, and providing an active protein for the treatment ofthe von Willebrand's disease.

Von Willebrand Factor (hereinafter vWF) circulates in plasma complexedwith Factor VIII procoagulant activity protein (hereinafter VIII). Thecomplex is believed to have two biologic functions: vWF corrects defectsof platelet function in von Willebrand's disease, and VIII corrects theclotting defect in hemophilia. vWF exists in plasma as a series ofmultimeric forms of a protein ranging in molecular weight from about1×10⁶ to about 20×10⁶ Daltons. Von Willebrand disease is characterizedby the absence or reduced level of the higher molecular weight forms ofthis protein and is manifest by prolonged bleeding due to the inabilityof platelets to aggregate and initiate clotting at the wound cite.Traditionally, treatment of bleeding episodes caused by this diseaseconsisted of the administration of cryoprecipitate prepared from humanplasma containing normal vWF. This treatment exposed the patient toother coagulation factors and other plasma proteins, particularlyfibronectin and fibrinogen. Repeated administration of extraneousproteins has been shown to be deleterious to the health of the patientbecause of changes brought about in blood viscosity. Treatment withcryoprecipitate also exposed the patient to infectious viruses, such ashepatitis viruses and AIDS viruses which may be present in the donor'splasma.

Commercial concentrates of Factor VIII prepared from plasma bycryoprecipitation of the vWF/Factor VIII complex, followed bypurification and concentration, have not been proven to be as effectiveas expected in the treatment of von Willebrand's disease. Thetherapeutic inadequacy of these preparations has been in part attributedto the absence of sufficient potency of higher molecular weight forms ofvWF that are believed to be essential for the restoration of hemostatiswhen bleeding occurs in vWF deficient patients. There has been noattempt to treat von Willebrand patients with isolated and purified vWFbecause the isolation of a biologically active vWF in large quantitiescould not be carried out with existing technology. With the developmentof monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific to vWF, such technologyhas become available.

2. Reported Developments

U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,509 and U.S. Pat. RE. 32,011 issued to Zimmerman, etal. disclose a method for the preparation of high purity VIII comprisingthe steps of:

1. adsorbing the VIII/vWF complex from a plasma or commercialconcentrate source onto agarose beads bound to a monoclonal antibodyspecific to vWF;

2. eluting VIII with a salt solution;

3. adsorbing the eluted VIII on aminohexyl agarose column; and

4. eluting the VIII with a salt solution.

Immunoadsorbent column described in said references is regenerated byeluting vWF with 3M aqueous sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) solution. Thisstep results in the preservation of the monoclonal antibody on thecolumn so that the same may be used again in the process. The vWF/sodiumthiocyanate solution is discarded as a waste.

The present invention utilizes this waste material as a source of vWFalthough it is not limited thereto. In the process of developing theinvention, it was discovered that biological activity of vWF is normallylost as a result of its elution from the antibody column with sodiumthiocyanate solution. Illustrative is the result obtained on materialproduced according to the teaching of the cited references, descriptionof which follows.

Normal human plasma was collected from normal plasmapheresis donors anddiluted with 1/6 volume of 4% sodium citrate. The citrated plasma wasimmediately frozen and later pooled with additional citrated plasmas andallowed to thaw. Cryoprecipitable proteins were isolated at 0°-2° C. bycold centrifugation of the thawed plasma pool. Approximately 100 g ofcryoprecipitate was collected from 100 liters of pooled, citratedplasma. The cryoprecipitate was resuspended at 37° C. in 4 volume ofwater containing 60 mM glycine and 40 mM sodium chloride at pH 7, thenclarified with Al(OH)3 and by centrifugation. Four liters of clarifiedcryosolution were passed over a 10×15 cm column of anti-vWF SEPHAROSE.The nonbound proteins were washed through the column with a solution oflysine (0.1M), histidine (0.02M) and NaCl (0.15M) at pH 7. Factor VIIIactivity was eluted with 0.25M CaCl₂. The vWF proteins were eluted with3M NaSCN.

The one liter immunoaffinity column yielded between 500 and 800 ml ofthiocyanate solution containing between 170 and 540 mg von Willebrandprotein, having antigenic and molecular properties similar to theunpurified von Willebrand protein found in cryoprecipitate. Measurement,using the ristocetin cofactor, platelet agglutination test, however,showed that very little activity was preserved during the elution with3M NaSCN.

Similar results have been reported by Hornsey, et al. (Thrombosis andHaemostasis--F. K. Schattauer Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart 57 (1) 102-105(1987).

It is clear that such activity is not quite adequate for therapeutic useand there exists a need for a method for preserving vWF activity in theby-product or waste product obtained by the method of separating andpurifying VIII.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of improving the therapeuticactivity of von Willebrand Factor obtained from a material comprisingsaid factor, the improvement comprising: incubating said Factor at about20° C. to about 55° C. for about 1 to about 30 hours.

The present invention also relates to a method for increasing thetherapeutic activity of von Willebrand Factor obtained from a materialcomprising said factor bound to a monoclonal or polyclonal antibodyspecific thereto, the improvement comprising: incubating said factor ata temperature of about 20° C. to about 55° C. for about 1 to about 30hours.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method ofseparating the yon Willebrand Factor (hereinafter vWF) from a solutioncontaining the factor and a chaotropic agent, such as sodiumthiocyanate, incubating said vWF at a temperature of about 20° C. toabout 55° C. for about 1 to about 30 hours, formulating and lyophilizingthe same for therapeutic use. Alternatively, the incubating step may beused after reconstituting the vWF instead of prior to formulating thesame. In this embodiment, the present invention relates to theutilization of vWF as a by-product of a process for ultrapurification ofFactor VIII as described hereunder.

The vWF is obtained as a by-product of a process for ultrapurificationof Factor VIII, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,509and U.S. Pat. No. Re. 32,011 which are incorporated herein by reference.The ultrapurification of Factor VIII comprises:

a. adsorbing VIII/vWF complex from concentrate source onto a solid phasebackbone containing monoclonal or polyclonal or cocktail of monoclonalanti-vWF antibodies covalently linked to said solid phase backbone;

b. washing unbound proteins from the solid phase;

c. eluting VIII with a chaotropic solution; and

d. eluting vWF from the solid phase with a chaotropic solution.

Immediately following the elution, the vWF is separated from thechaotropic agent to prevent degradation of the vWF. The separation canbe effected by desalting, the dialyzation or precipitation. Thedesalting or dialyzation can be effected by a buffer solution at a pH of6.5 to 7.5 to obtain a solution of vWF having been separated from achaotropic agent. The precipitated vWF can be dissolved in a buffersolution at a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 to obtain a solution of vWF in theabsence of a chaotropic agent. After formulating, the solution issterile filtered and lyophilized for storage.

While the vWF of this embodiment of the present invention is suitablefor therapeutic and other purposes, it was surprisingly discovered thatan additional process step, termed mild incubation step, furtherenhances the factor's activity. This incubation is accomplished bymaintaining the vWF at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 55°C. for about 1 to about 30 hours, more preferably from about 30° C. toabout 55° C. for about 5 to about 15 hours, and most preferably at fromabout 45° C. to about 55° C. for about 1 to about 5 hours.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The objects of the present invention include: (a) the manufacture of atherapeutically effective vWF from source materials containing theFactor; and (b) increasing the platelet agglutination activity of vWF bysubjecting the same to a controlled temperature environment.

Source materials include human and animal sources as well as materialsprepared by recombinant technology. An example of a source material isthe one disclosed by Sadler, et al. in Cloning and characterization oftwo cDNAs coding for human von Willebrand factor, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., Vol. 82, pp. 6394-6398, October, 1985, and Bonthron, et al. inStructure of pre-pro-von Willebrand factor and its expression inheterologous cells, Nature, Vol. 324, pp.270-273, November 1986, whichis obtained essentially as follows: The gene (cDNA) for vWF is isolatedfrom the DNA of human cell line, such as umbilical vein endothelialcells. The isolated cDNA is inserted into a DNA of a host cell line,such a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with the aid of a vector. Thecells are then cultured and the protein (r-vWF) molecules aresynthesized by these cells via transcription of the inserted cDNAfollowed by the steps of the protein biosynthesis in the cells andsecretion of r-vWF. The secreted r-vWF is then separated from the othermaterials present in the culture medium by art recognized technique suchas by precipitation. Preferably, the Factor is then purified via the useof monoclonal or polyclonal antibody column described hereunder.

Another example of the preparation of a source material is described byToole, et al. in Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding humanantihemophilic factor, Nature, Vol. 312, pp. 342-347, November, 1984,and Kaufman, et al. in Effect of von Willebrand Factor Coexpression onthe Synthesis and Secretion of Factor VIII in Chinese Hamster OvaryCells, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 1233-1242,March, 1989. Said source material contains vWF coexpressed with FactorVIII. The process of making the same is essentially as follows: The gene(cDNA) for r-vWF is isolated from the DNA of a human cell line.Simultaneously the gene (cDNA) for Factor VIII is also isolated from DNAof human cells. These cDNAs are then inserted into the DNA of Chinesehamster ovary (CHO) cells with the aid of vectors. The cells arecultured and the protein molecules are synthesized and secreted. Ther-Factor VIII and r-vWF form a complex which is then purified by artrecognized method for protein isolation and purification. Preferably,the complex is separated and purified via the use of monoclonal orpolyclonal antibody column described hereunder.

The main source material used in the process of the present invention isthe waste solution of a chaotropic agent/vWF. Said chaotropic agentdissociates the vWF from the antibodies covalently linked to a solidphase backbone. The preferred chaotropic agent is sodium thiocyanate inthe range of from about 0.5M to about 5.0M, however, other agents may beused as well including ethylene glycol, lithium chloride, potassiumiodide, urea, ethylamine, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, diaminohexane,glycerol, dimethylaminopropylamine and combinations thereof. To obtainthis starting material, processes known and used by the prior art can beutilized including that disclosed by the above denoted references.

The process leading to the chaotropic agent/vWF solution is as follows:

Cryoprecipitate, obtained from human or animal plasma or commercialconcentrate, containing from about 2,000 to about 40,000 units of VIIIper liter of column matrix and from about 8,000 to about 80,000 units ofvWF per liter of column matrix is reconstituted in a glycine-sodiumchloride solution. The solution is then treated with aluminum hydroxidegel in order to remove vitamin-K dependent coagulation factors. Thecryoprecipitate solution is then introduced into a column containinganti-vWF antibodies covalently linked to a solid phase backbone havingreactive chemical groups available to bind the antibodies. The amount ofantibody used will vary depending on its affinity, however, about 1 gramof antibody per liter of solid phase backbone is required. The solidphase consists of agarose, SEPHADEX, microporous glass, membranes orother solid substances with reactive chemical groups. An example of suchsolid phase is SEPHAROSE 2B sold by Pharmacia, Inc. To effect thecovalent linkage between the solid phase and the antibodies, reagents,such as cyanogen bromide, triazine, and hydrazine may be used.

From a cryoprecipitate containing 10,000 units of VIII and 40,000 unitsof vWF per liter of column matrix about 8-9,000 units of VIII and about30,000 units of vWF per liter of column matrix will bound to the column.The unbound proteins, including fibronectin and fibrinogen, are washedfrom the column using a buffer solution containing about 0.0025 to 0.05Mhistidine (buffering agent), 0.05 to 2.5M NaCl (solubilizing agent) and0.05 to 0.5M lysine (stabilizer against plasmin and plasminogenproteolytic enzymes that tend to degrade VIII and vWF).

Factor VIII is then eluted from the column using 0.25 to 2M calciumchloride solution or solutions of other, similarly effective chaotropicagents.

The column is next treated with a 0.50 to 5M solution of a chaotropicagent, preferably sodium thyocianate, to dissociate vWF from theantibodies and, at the same time, to regenerate the column for furtheruse.

Having obtained the vWF in the chaotropic solution, it is of the utmostimportance to immediately separate the vWF to prevent its rapiddegradation. Separation can be effected by desalting, precipitation anddialyzation.

The desalting process comprises: transferring the vWF/chaotropic agentsolution onto a desalting column, such as SEPHADEX G-25, which haspreviously been equilibrated with a buffer solution containing fromabout 0.01 to about 0.5M NaCl and about 1 to about 10 mM of histidine;eluting vWF with the same buffer used to equilibrate the column; sterilefiltering the solution; and lyophilizing the vWF solution.

Separation of vWF from the chaotropic agent can be effected by dialyzingagainst a buffer solution, described under the desalting process, atneutral or close to neutral pHs using state of the art techniques. Afterdialyzation, the vWF is sterile filtered, formulated, and lyophilized.

Precipitation of vWF can be accomplished by using precipitating agents,such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) having a molecular weight of from4,000 to 25,000, ammonium sulfate and the like. The concentration of PEGis about 6% to 15% w/w, while that of ammonium sulfate is about 25% to50% w/w. The precipitate is then isolated by centrifugation and the vWFso obtained is dissolved in a buffer containing from about 0.01 to about0.5M Tris and 0.01 to about 1.5M NaCl at neutral or close to neutral pH.The solution is then treated as described above.

The lyophilized factor can then be reconstituted when needed forinjection.

To further enhance therapeutic activity, the vWF is incubated bymaintaining the factor obtained from the various source material beforelyophilization at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 55° C. forabout 1 to about 30 hours, more preferably from about 30° C. to about55° C. for about 5 to about 15 hours, and most preferably at from about45° C. to about 55° C. for about 1 to about 5 hours. Alternatively, theincubation may be carried out after reconstitution of the lyophilizedvWF.

The following examples will further illustrate the invention.

The platelet-ristocetin assay being referred to in the examples isessentially the assay method described in Thrombos. Diathes. Haemorrh.(Stuttg.), 1975, 34, 306-308, except for the modification that we use:commercial, lyophilized fixed platelet; normal pooled plasma at 1/2(100%), 1/4 (50%) and 1/8 (25%) dilution to prepare a standard curve;and plasma and vWF preparation in a buffer of pH 7.0.

EXAMPLE 1

A one liter column of anti-vWF Agarose was saturated with acryoprecipitate solution as described in the prior art. It was washedwith 4 volumes of fresh buffer (0.15M NaCl, 0.1M lysine, 0.02Mhistidine, pH 7), then eluted with 2 volumes of 0.25M CaCl₂ followed by2 volumes 3M NaSCN. The eluted NaSCN/protein solution (450 ml) wasdialyzed for 18 hours against 5 liters 0.05M NaCl, 10 mM histidine, atpH 7.2. The low salt solution containing 0.23 mg/ml protein, was heatedat 45° C. for 4 hours. The agglutination activity increased from 0.1unit/ml to 15 units/ml.

EXAMPLE 2

The vWF protein was purified as described in Example 1 and 480 ml of theeluted NaSCN protein was desalted over a 10×20 cm column of SEPHADEXG-25 which was previously equilibrated with a solution of 0.05M NaCl,and 5 mM histidine at pH 7.3. The protein was then eluted in a 51 0 mlvolume free of NaSCN. The desalted vWF solution containing 0.3 mg/ml wasfrozen and dried by lyophilization in 30 ml aliquots using 50 ml vials.The dried vials were sealed under vacuum and stored at room temperaturefor up to 6 months. They were reconstituted with 5 ml water to yield aclear solution containing 1.8 mg of vWF/ml and 1.5 units of vWF/ml. Oneof the reconstituted vials was heated at 50° C. for 2 hours. The heatingof vWF was found to increase the activity to 62 units/ml.

EXAMPLE 3

vWF protein was purified and desalted as in Example 2. A solution volumeof 780 ml, containing 0.25 mg of vWF/ml was heated at 50° C. for 2 hoursto increase the agglutination activity from 0.5 to 19 units/ml. Thesolution was then filtered through 0.22 μm membranes and 30 ml aliquotswere placed into separate 50 ml vials for freeze drying as in Example 2.The dried and sealed vials were stored for 3 months and yielded 90 unitsof vWF/ml when reconstituted with 5 ml of water.

EXAMPLE 4

A 1M solution of the NaCl was added to cryosolution prior topurification of the vWF proteins as described in Example 1. The elutedNaSCN protein was desalted in a 800 ml volume as in Example 2, thenformulated with 0.5% POLYSORBATE 80 and 2% mannitol to aide filtrationand lyophilization. The solution was sterilized through a 0.22 μmmembrane filter and freeze dried in 30 ml aliquots. Upon reconstitutionwith 5 ml water, a solution containing 3.1 mg of vWF/ml and 2 units ofvWF/ml was reactivated by heat treatment at 52° C. for 1.5 hours toyield 140 units of vWF/ml.

EXAMPLE 5

Sufficient amount of Na₂ SO₄ was added to cryosolution to give a 0.3MNa₂ SO₄ solution prior to purification of the vWF proteins described inExample 4. An 850 ml volume was collected from the desalting column andformulated with 0.5% POLYSORBATE 80 and 2% mannitol. The formulation wasthen heated at 50° C. for 2 hours. A solution containing 0.77 mg ofvWF/ml and 60 units of vWF/ml was then filtered and lyophilized asdescribed in Example 4.

EXAMPLE 6

Sodium thiocyanate eluate from the anti-vWF affinity column was feddirectly onto a SEPHADEX G-25 column equilibrated with 0.05M Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and 0.15M NaCl buffer at pH 7.1. To theSEPHADEX G-25 eluate was added dropwise, saturated ammonium sulfateadjusted to pH 7.1 in one case and to pH 4.5 in another to bring thefinal concentration of ammonium sulfate to 50% in the eluate. After 30minutes at room temperature both preparations were collected bycentrifugation and dissolved in 0.05M Tris--0.15M NaCl buffer, at pH7.25 at 1/10 the volume of the initial SEPHADEX G-25 eluate. The vWFactivity was present in this solution as measured by theplatelet-ristocetin assay.

Analytical characterization of vWF solution showed that plateletagglutination activity gradually increased at room temperature and thisincrease was amplified by increasing the temperature and prolonging thetime of incubation. Analytical characterization has also shown that themolecular distribution and binding properties of vWF were unalteredunder these conditions. The data shown in Tables I and II arerepresentative of that obtained according to the present invention.

                  TABLE I                                                         ______________________________________                                        Yield and Specific Activity of vWF                                                             vWF               Specific                                                    Total             Activity                                   Sample           Units    Yield-%  Units/mg                                   ______________________________________                                        Cryoprecipitate Solution                                                                       44,451   100      0.498                                      Unbound Pool     10,373   23.34    0.118                                      vWF Bound to MoAb Column                                                                       34,078   76.66    --                                         Lyophilized vWF Product                                                                        18,990   42.72    48.20                                      ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE II                                                        ______________________________________                                        Increase in vWF Activity                                                      At Recovery     At Incubation                                                                Specific       Specific     At                                        Unit/   Activity Unit/ Activity                                                                             At °C.                                                                       Time/                              Sample ml      Unit/mg  ml    Unit/mg                                                                              Temp. Hrs.                               ______________________________________                                        1      2.49    3.77     46.50 70.45  37    25                                                         34.80 52.72  RT    25                                                         54.36 82.31  37    30                                 2      1.77    --       12.33 --     37    24                                 3      1.70    --       11.50 --     37    24                                 4      1.50    3.00     16.75 33.50  45    1                                                          20.40 40.80  45    2                                                          18.80 37.60  45    4                                                          16.80 33.60  52    1                                                          21.10 42.20  52    2                                                          16.90 33.80  52    5                                  5      1.05    --       3.45  --     25    2                                                          23.20 --     25    24                                 6      1.97    0.47     3.80   0.91  25    4                                                          18.80  4.48        over-                                                                         night                              ______________________________________                                    

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of improving the therapeutic activity ofvon Willebrand Factor obtained from an immuneaffinity purified vonWillebrand Factor-containing cyroprecipitate material, the improvementcomprising incubating a solution of said von Willebrand Factor,substantially separated from a chaotropic agent, substantially free ofFactor VIII and not in contact with a column matrix solid substance,under conditions of about 20° C. to about 55° C. for about 1 to about 30hours at a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and with buffering, which conditionsincrease the activity of said von Willebrand Factor.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said material comprising said von Willebrand Factor isof human source.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said materialcomprising said von Willebrand Factor is of animal source.
 4. The methodof claim 1 wherein said von Willebrand Factor is incubated at atemperature of about 30° C. to about 55° C. for about 5 to about 15hours.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said von Willebrand Factor isincubated in a buffer solution comprising from about 0.01 to about 0.5MNaCl and from about 1 to about 10 mM histidine.
 6. The method of claim 5wherein said buffer solution is at about neutral pH.
 7. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said von Willebrand Factor is incubated in a buffersolution comprising from about 0.01 to about 0.5M Tris and from about0.01 to about 1.5M NaCl.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein said buffersolution is at about neutral pH.
 9. A method of improving thetherapeutic activity of von Willebrand Factor obtained from avonWillebrand Factor-containing cyroprecipitate material by eluting saidvon Willebrand Factor bound to a monoclonal or polyclonal antibodyspecific thereto from said monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, theimprovement comprising incubating a solution of said yon WillebrandFactor, substantially separated from a chaotropic agent, substantiallyfree of Factor VIII and not in contact with a column matrix solidsubstance, under conditions of about 20° C. to about 55° C. for about 1to about 30 hours at a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and with buffering, whichconditions increase the activity of said von Willebrand Factor.
 10. Themethod of claim 9 wherein said material comprising said von WillebrandFactor is of human source.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein saidmaterial comprising said von Willebrand Factor is of animal source. 12.The method of claim 9 wherein said von Willebrand Factor is incubated ata temperature of about 30° C. to about 55° C. for about 5 to about 15hours.
 13. The method of claim 9 wherein said Factor is incubated in abuffer solution comprising from about 0.01 to about 0.5M Tris and fromabout 0.01 to about 1.5M NaCl.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein saidbuffer solution is at about neutral pH.
 15. The method of claim 9wherein said von Willebrand Factor is incubated in a buffer solutioncomprising from about 0.01 to about 0.5M NaCl and from about 1 to about10 mM histidine.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein said buffer solutionis at about neutral pH.